Bijensterfte, oorzaken en gevolgen

[Maxim and Van der Sluijs 2010, Environmental Research Letters]

French researchers estimate that 73% of the increased colony collapse in 1994-2004 in areas of extensive agriculture in France has been caused by imidacloprid.

Abstract
Debates on causality are at the core of controversies as regards environmental changes. The present paper presents a new method for analyzing controversies on causality in a context of social debate and the results of its empirical testing. The case study used is the controversy as regards the role played by the insecticide Gaucho®, compared with other supposed causal factors, in the substantial honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) losses reported to have occurred in France between 1994 and 2004.

The method makes use of expert elicitation of the perceived strength of evidence regarding each of Bradford Hill's causality criteria, as regards the link between each of eight possible causal factors identified in attempts to explain each of five signs observed in honeybee colonies. These judgments are elicited from stakeholders and experts involved in the debate, i.e., representatives of Bayer Cropscience, of the Ministry of Agriculture, of the French Food Safety Authority, of beekeepers and of public scientists.
We show that the intense controversy observed in confused and passionate public discourses is much less salient when the various arguments are structured using causation criteria. The contradictions between the different expert views have a triple origin: (1) the lack of shared definition and quantification of the signs observed in colonies; (2) the lack of specialist knowledge on honeybees; and (3) the strategic discursive practices associated with the lack of trust between experts representing stakeholders having diverging stakes in the case.

By systematically applying widely accepted criteria for causality, scientist were able to identify exposure to the systemic insecticide imidacloprid (a neonicotinoid used in plant protection products such as Gaucho and Admire) as the main cause for honeybee decline in the sunflower and maize area's in France. The method allowed researchers to conclude that 73% of the increased colony collapse in areas of extensive agriculture in France is caused by imidacloprid. The remaining 27% of the increased colony mortality can be attributed to diseases (9%), illegal pesticides (8%) and a number of minor causes such as genetics, climate change, availability of pollen and new sunflower strains (each 2 or 3%). Note that these figures are not for France as a whole but only for the regions where the pesticide has been used on a large scale. The study also shows that other actors such as Bayer Cropscience (the producer of imidacloprid) and the French Food Safety Authority (AFSSA) have different beliefs of what the relative importance is of the various causes (see figure below).

Contribution (relative importance) of each cause to the final effect (expressed as a percentage %) as judged by each actor

Lay summaries of the new study can be found here:
Structuring science for policy: http://www.postnormaltimes.net/blog/archives/2010/01/structuring_sci.html
and here:
Taking the sting out of the honeybee controversy http://environmentalresearchweb.org/cws/article/research/41522

The original paper (it is published in an open access scientific journal) is available via:
http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1748-9326/5/1/014006/erl10_1_014006.pdf